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Transparency in Public Service to Create a Good
Governance Concept
By
Erliza Oktari
Abstract
This
article
presents the basic concepts regarding the transparency
of public services in achieving good governance. Transparency or openness of public
services is one way to be realized in order to improve performance toward better government. There was also a lack of transparency, it can achieve a good
governance. Because transparency
is one of important element that is in good
governance. Awareness of the importance
of transparency of public
services has received attention
by both national and local government.
Many examples of local governments
that have successfully run the transparency of public services. But not a few who
have not applied the importance of
this is due to still
want to enjoy a safe zone and do not want to
clean up all the
better. Transparency of public
services to achieve good governance can start
circuitry to increase the government
commitment, given the public
as users of educational services that are not
comfort to do short cuts in service and all organizers and users
of public services should have a clear and detailed
rules governing transparency
and public service.
Key Words: transparency, public
service, good governance
Introduction
Goverenance as a
paradigm has long been touted to be realized
as a principle
that can be applied in the country. Views on
the governance authority arises because the government deemed too big so that
people do not have the space or it can be
said that the community has no
involvement in the governance system and
the spirit is contained
in the concept of good governance.
Nevertheless a lot of perceptions and opinions
about different governance
where the end goal is hope for government toward a better (good governance). According to the Kooiman
in Sedarmayanti (2004:2) governance is a series
of political and social interaction
process between the government and
society in various fields related to public interests and government intervention
on those interests. The term governance is not only a means of
governance as an activity, but
also means the
maintenance, management, direction and coaching, and
implementation.
Indonesia as a
unitary state which is also being developed
to implement the concept of governance in the administration of the country. Many echoes
are heard either
by the central government and
regional manifestation of good governance. Starting from President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono made a
claim of good governance as the cornerstone of
his administration, and also a statement of the Head of Region who want to realize good governance in their daily environmental activities.
The statement seems to be only a discourse that is
difficult to achieve. Many things
led to the practice of governance in Indonesia
can not be done properly. Many difficulties facing the government to formulate policy and program improvement
of governance. First, the practice of governance has a wider dimension,
so there are many aspects that need to intervene if
we are to improve governance practices. Second, not
yet widely available information
on the strategic aspects that need to take priority to serve as "entry
point" to improve governance
performance. Third, the conditions between regions in Indonesia are
very diverse make each region has a different complexity of governance issues. Fourth, the
commitment and concern from
various stakeholders regarding governance differ
and are generally low (Dwiyanto,
2008:2).
Phenomena like these shows that there are no existence of strategy which comprehensive in the development good governance in Indonesia either
by the central government nor the regional government. Concern government's against renewal
governance a better still low. Dwiyanto (2008:3)
stating that the government
usually willing realizing
the values of good governance as far as
do not interfere their
interests. Government are willing
for being open within
providing information to the stakeholders
other outside of the
state case of not make his position threatened. Based on the thing such
it takes an big step and strategic to start
the renewal practice of governance namely one
way is with road transparency in the administration of public service. Indradi (2007: 87) declare
that the transparency or openness of public
meant the existence an interest and
efforts for mutual the control and responsible. Transparency is the principle who guarantee the access or the
freedom for every person to obtain information
about the governmental administration, namely information about the policies
process of making and its implementation as well as the outcomes who achieved (http://www.eprints.undip.ac.id).
There are several important
considerations why the public
service into a strategic point
to start the development of good governance in Indonesia.
First, the public service has been a realm where
the state is represented by the government
interacts with the institutions non-governmental. Secondly, various aspects of good
governance can be articulated
relatively more in
the realm of public service. Third,
the public service involving the interests of all the elements of governance (Dwiyanto, 2008:20-24).
Transparency into the study are important in the public service due
to the practice of government that can transparently to create a clean
government. In addition, transparency
has profound implications for the government's ability to realize a variety of other
governance indicators. For examples, how government can make itself a participatory if they are not able to achieve transparency. Residents will only be willing
and able to engage
in various activities of government and service
if the rules concerning
the implementation of the activities
of government and public service that is
open and easy to know people. If the information
on the rights and obligations
are vague and difficult to know the people then there will be no participation.
Information in the form of government transparency in the implementation
of activities, such as the reasons behind the
action, the form of action, as
well as when and how to act,
should be available to stakeholders and the
wider community. Given that
stakeholders and the public can assess the extent to which government decisions that represent the aspirations of the community
and all parties that
may be assessed whether the government
has conducted its activities properly. Then also with the
lack of transparency and community stakeholders can determine whether
government policies and officials has resulted in performance that is really
expected or not. By providing an opportunity for the public to find out various
information about governance, it can facilitate community efforts to assess the
defense of government against the public interest. The public can easily determine
whether the government will provide support to the government, or vice versa,
and the criticism that the government needs to do more pro-public interest.
In Indonesia, the right of citizens to know what
happened in a public administration
is often very limited. Moreover, to obtain certain information
that is sensitive. Though transparency is
an important indicator of good governance. Governance rating of good and bad,
one of which is determined by the level of transparency in his administration. Poor of trasnparency governance in Indonesia indicated that good governance is
far from the reality of daily life of government. Many examples can be given from the fact that
the government untranparensy to give information about public services.
For example, an audit conducted by the government over the
activities that have been done.
Audits are conducted
externally from other
parties outside the government. However,
the audit results were not disseminated to the
public by reason rather than
public consumption. Then also the practice of
e-ID (electronic
identity card) which are rampant today. Communities
that have come
to know only carry
electronic ID card is free with no idea
how the amount of costs incurred
by local governments in the
implementation of these activities. It can make a possible practice of misuse of funds by the authorities are not responsible.
Therefore necessary transparency to the community as a practice of openness
and accountability for what is and has been
implemented.
Transparency
in public services in essence also can provide benefits to the government. For
example alone with practice of transparency can make a government far from the
prejudices and the suspicion society. With transparency the government be able
accountable for all forms of implementation of their activities to the parties in the outside the
government. And last, with transparency achievement of clean
governance can be immediately materialized. Based on the phenomenon in above,
then it is very interesting for reviewing further regarding the how
transparency public service in realizing the by good governance. The review was
aims to see the extent to which transparency within public service can support
good governance?
Transparency as a concept
Good
governance will be transparent, both at central and regional levels. The people
in person can know
clearly and without any cover-up about
the process of formulating public policy
and its implementation. In other words, all actions and policies of governments at both central and local, must always be open
and public knowledge (Indradi, 2007:57). Further
Indradi (2007: 87)
also states that the transparency or openness
of public means of
mutual interest and efforts to control
and be responsible. Transparency is a principle which
guarantee access or the freedom for anyone to
obtain information about the governance, information on
the policy-making, implementation
process and the results achieved (http://www.eprints.undip.ac.id).
Andrianto
(2007:20-22) defines transparency as an
openness seriously, thoroughly, and make
room for active participation
from all levels of society in the management of public
resources. Every policy issued
by the organizers of the state must be publicly
accessible with adequate
space for the member community to participate
extensively in it. There are some
important benefits in transparencies, namely (a)
to prevent corruption; (b) more easily identify
weaknesses and
policy’s power, (c) increase the accountability of government so that local
people will be able to measure
the performance of government, (d)
increase the confidence in the commitment of government to decide specific
policies, (e) strengthening
of social cohesion because public confidence in government will be formed; (f) creating a
favorable investment climate and increase
business certainty.
Definition of Governance
View
of governance emerged
as the government considered too large so that the
public authority does not have
the space or it
can be said that the community
has no involvement in this spirit that the system of government
and included in the
concept of good governance. In
Sedarmayanti Kooiman (2004:2) states that governance
is ".... a
series of political and social interaction
process between the government of
the society in
various fields related to public
interests and the government intervention on proficiency level interests" . The term governance is not only a means of
governance as an activity, but
also means the
maintenance, management, directing, organizing and coaching
can also mean the
government. Governance as a
translation and the government
then developed and became popular as the
government, while the so-called best practices
of good governance.
United
Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Sedarmayanti
(2004: 3) defines
governance as follows: "Governance
is the exercise
of economic, political,
and administrative authory to manage
a country's affairs
at all levels
and means by
the which states promotes
social cohesion, integration
, and Ensure
the well being of
Their population ".
(Governance is the
exercise of authority, / power
in economic, political, and administrative measures to manage the affairs of the country at every level and is an instrument of state policy to encourage the creation of the welfare state, integrity,
and social cohesion
in society).
Conceptually,
by Basuki and
Shofwan (2006:8) sense
of the word good (good) in terms of good
governance (good governance) contain
two understanding, namely:
a.
The values
that uphold the desire / will of the people, and
values that can improve people's
ability in achieving the goal (national) self-reliance,
sustainable development, and social justice.
b.
Functional
aspects of an
effective and efficient government in the execution
of his duty to achieve that goal.
Institute
of Public Administration in Sedarmayanti (2004:3) argues that good governance-oriented: first, the ideal orientation
is geared to the
achievement of national goals.
Second, governments that serves as an ideal,
that is effective, efficient in its
efforts to achieve national
objectives. The first orientation
refers to the democratization of the life of the state with
its constituent elements such as: legitimacy (whether
elected government and won the trust of
the people), scuring of human rights accountability, autonomy and devolution of
power and anssurance
of civilian control.
While the second orientation,
depending on the extent
to which government has the
competence and the extent to
which the structure as well as
political and administrative mechanisms to function effectively and efficiently.
Elements in Governance
Basuki
and Shofwan (2006:10)
said
that the
elements of governance
are as follows:
a.
State / government: the
conception of government is
basically state activities, but
beyond that also involve
the private sector and civil society institutions.
b.
Private sector: private sector actors include private companies that are active in markets such as interaction systems, industrial
processing, trade, banking, and cooperatives,
including the informal sector.
c.
Civil society, community groups in the context of the state is
basically in between or in the middle
between the government and individuals, including individuals and
groups of people who interact socially, politically and economically (Basuki and Shofwan,
2006:10).
Based
on the theoretical explanation
of the above it can be seen
that to achieve
good governance one way to do is for
transparency in public service. Community
as an important
pillar in the governance
should and must
know all the rights and obligations in public service in order to realize good
governance and good governance. No
doubt that the issue of
government transparency, especially in public services is
still far from perfect. This can be caused by
various factors, one of which is still at least the
seriousness of the government
in creating a transparent
service to customers in the concept of good governance is referred to as stakeholders. Should the government
realize good governance can not be a dominant actor,
but must involve various
actors outside government
(stakeholders).
Transparency in relation with accountability and participation to
accomplish in good governance agenda
In
creating a good governance, principles and characteristics required
in which if could be an indicator of the success of achieving good
governance in a state. Of these principles that
have more attention is the principle of participation, transparency and accountability.
According
to the United Nation
Development Program (1997) in Basuki
and Shofwan (2006:11),
it serves to encourage every citizen
to exercise their right in expressing an opinion in the decision making process concerning public interest, whether
directly or indirectly. Participation
is one of the principles and characteristics that exist to create a good governance. With
the participation of all actors involved in the
country will have
an impact on the creation of
a clean and can
be together in the realization of
good governance practices. Participation in point is the concept of good governance relating to governance in
ways that are mutually agreed upon the rules of government and an agreement reached between individuals, civil society,
private sector and Government. There
are two important things in a relationship of
this participation, namely
1) all players
must each know
what the other party,
2) the dialogue so
that the perpetrators of mutual
understanding of differences between
them (http://www theadvocatechange.wordpress.com).
Transparency
is to create mutual confidence between the government and
the community through the provision of information and ensure ease of obtaining
an accurate and
adequate information. While
accountability is to increase the
accountability of decision makers in
all fields that are of interest to
many people (Basuki
and Shofwan, 2006:11).
The relationship between these three
principles like the principle
that if one of
them is related and connected it will
make the application of good governance practices to be imperfect. Actor particularly
high participation by the public,
private parties and other parties outside the country if not accompanied by a transparency circuitry and
disclosure of information relating to the interests of many and clearer
accountability for decisions and
policies will be issued by the
government will create
a spirit of participation and will be washed out result in the achievement of good governance.
Therefore,
to achieve a
good governance is needed sinergies
and the relationship between these three principles are thus an important element in the state (government, public,
private) who have either lost their meaning not
only because one of the principles and characteristics
of governance are
not going well .
Public service concept
Basically
every human being needs the service, it can even be said that the service
can not be separated from human life. Moenir in
Pasolong (2007:128), stating that the service
is the process of fulfilling the needs of others through
activities directly. While a more detailed definition is given by Gronroos
in Septi Winarsih
Ratminto & Atik
(2005:2) that the service is an activity
or series of activities that are invisible (intangible) that
occur as a result of the interaction between the consumer and the employee or the
another thing that
the company provided the service providers
which is intended to solve the problems of consumers /
customers.
According
Sinambela (2006:5), "public service is as any activity undertaken by the government
against a man who has any activity
that is beneficial in a collection or entity,
and offering as much satisfaction even though the results are not tied to a physical product". Organizers of the Public Service is a unit of work
in government agencies that directly provide services to recipients of public services (community).
Transparency in Public Service to Create a Good Governance
Concept
Transparency is a principle which guarantees freedom of
access or for any person to obtain information about the governance,
information on the policy-making and implementation process and the results
achieved (http://www.eprints.undip.ac.id). Good governance will be transparent,
both at central and regional levels. The people in person can know clearly and
without any cover-up about the process of formulating public policy and its
implementation. In other words, all actions and policies of governments at both
central and local, must always be open and public knowledge (Indradi, 2007:57).
Andrianto (2007:20-22) defines transparency as an openness seriously,
thoroughly, and make room for active participation from all levels of society
in the management of public resources. Every policy issued by the organizers of
the state must be publicly accessible by providing sufficient space for the
community to berartisipasi extensively in it.
One
way or the way
for the government to implement the principle of transparency is through public service. Transparency is a concept and a very
important principle in public
service. With the transparency
can be seen the extent of public services to customers can be achieved. Indonesia
as a country is well
aware of the importance of
transparency have and are applying
the principle of transparency in
public services. To find out the
relationship and the correlation
between the two so it is better to understand the public
service. Moenir in Pasolong (2007:128), stating
that the service is
the process of fulfilling the
needs of others through activities directly. While
a more detailed definition is given
by Gronroos in
Septi Winarsih Ratminto
& Atik (2005:2)
that the service is
an activity or series of activities that are invisible (intangible) that occur as a result of the interaction
between the consumer and the employee
or the another
thing that the company provided the service providers which
is intended to solve the problems
of consumers / customers.
According
Sinambela (2006:5), "public service is as any activity undertaken by the government
against a man who has any activity
that is beneficial in a collection or entity,
and offering as much satisfaction even though the results are not tied to a physical product". So it can be said that public
service is the interaction between
the service which in this case the government, to customers in order to achieve a satisfying and solve
the problems consumers / customers. Many examples and cases that can be presented
on the relationship between transparency in public
service. This can occur due to the decentralization
adopted by Indonesia as a unitary state that
democracy is more
incentive to do the aspects of
not only the
central government but also
local governments to meet the needs and demands of society in the region.
Examples
of successful cases in the area of transparency
in public service that can be used as
a model for other regions and should
be given the appreciation of the five municipalities
of Jakarta on the improvements made in the
field of transparency in public service. Some units in five municipal
services has received ISO certification as
well as gaining national and international awards.
Other improvements, for example, in East Jakarta,
in the maintenance of KIR, the Provincial Capital
City Department of Transportation requires each KIR testers
to come to the counters
and not related to the intermediary. This information is published every 10 minutes
through a loudspeaker. Moreover, it also
made the board information
about test procedures, test
costs, up to a
ban related to the intermediary
in arranging an extension of KIR test. In West Jakarta BPN
posted a bulletin board that contains the prohibition of giving / receiving
in return, and the
application of strict sanctions
for officers who
receive rewards. In
Central Jakarta, improvements in public services of which performed with
the addition of an integrated primary care units, the
development of information and
communication networks as well as changes to the electronic service manual. In North Jakarta
alone there are 6 units of public service
that has received ISO Main (http://www.p2ka-wayakan.net).
Based
on the examples of cases that have been presented on transparency
in public service, it is presumably in
accordance with the opinion expressed
by Andrianto (2007:20-22) defines transparency as
an openness seriously,
thoroughly, and make
room for the active participation
of all levels of
society in the process of managing public resources, and public services is the interaction between the service which in this case the
government, to customers in order to achieve a satisfying and solve the problems
consumers / customers have been able to run
in Indonesia, especially in areas that understands that the service
which can realize transparent governance and away from KKN practice
(corruption, collusion, nepotism).
But
in truth, transparency in public services in
areas in Indonesia is still a taboo subject and difficult to
be realized. Both national and local
governments still regard as the stupid people who do not
know anything if it is explained about the openness
of public service. In addition, the government is also still not
understand and know in depth about the transparency
principle. In practice the government would only be open about the obligations that
must be done by the people, the right thing to do by the
government without allowing the
public to know their rights and
know the obligations of the government itself. Be transparent turbulence
of local public services can be illustrated from the case of protests that occurred in
East Java Ngawi.
The protests are demands
for transparency in government service
performed by the cost of Regional
Ngawi like education
and health services for the poor are
actually expensive (http://www.liputan6.com).
Imbalance
between the rights and obligations of users
and service providers
indicate several things. First, this shows how weak the government's bargaining position in front of people. Second,
the imbalance between the rights and obligations
that are often encountered in
public service shows inconsistencies in the realization of government transparency (Dwiyanto, 2008:233-234). The lack of government transparency
in the public service will be an impact to the difficulty
of achieving good governance. it
is becoming important because of
the transparency and
governance have the relationships in which to
realize a good governance are the principles and
characteristics that one of them is
transparency. Further that public service providers
in this regard is that the government
must engage the
public and stakeholders (private,
etc.) service users
in deciding the
policies and rules.
Due to the
public, government and private sectors (stakeholders) are important elements that must be possessed by good governance as a paradigm.
Various
cases have been described above regarding the successes and shortcomings of government both central and local governments
regarding the transparency of public services in creating good governance can be stated that the awareness of the importance of transparency of public services is important
and has been in the mind of every government. However,
because they still enjoy a safe zone and do not want to clean themselves into a better direction to make the treatment of
government in terms of transparency
of public services neglected and less impressed with
the portion of special attention
compared to the attention of the government in the suppression of corruption. Whereas the
transparency of government in public services will
result in cuts in the road or waiting for
service learning practice. For that solutions can be given are first, the
government further enhance its
commitment to transparency in
public service. Second, the
public as users of educational services provided in
order not to happy to do short
cuts in services. Third, all the organizers and
users of public services should have a clear and
detailed rules governing
transparency and public
service. Fourth, the grant
award and punishment
to the government, especially local government transparency in public service. Fifth,
the combination of public service performed by the government with the
use of technology so that existing data generated by the government and the far from manipulation and
abuse. All of these solutions
will be expected to increase transparency in public
service in order to create good
governance.
Conclusion
Transparency
is a situation where there is a guarantee for any person
to obtain information
about the organization of government, such as information
about the policy-making and implementation processes
and outcomes to
be achieved. To view the activities of both government
and local government is run by the principle
of transparency is a public service. Transparency is a concept and a very
important principle in public
service because of the transparency can be seen the extent of public services to customers can be achieved.
Beside that, transparency in public services can also
create good governance and far away from
KKN practices.
Indonesia
as a country are aggressively applying the concept of governance in the practice of government, both central and local governments realize the
importance of transparency of public
services is important and has been in the mind
of every government. However,
because they still enjoy a safe zone and do not want to clean themselves into a better direction to make the treatment of
government in terms of transparency
of public services neglected and less impressed with
the portion of special attention
compared to the attention of the government in the suppression of corruption. Whereas the
transparency of government in public services will
result in cuts in the road or waiting for
service learning practice. For that solutions can be given are first, the
government further enhance its
commitment to transparency in
public service. Second, the
public as users of educational services provided in
order not to happy to do short
cuts in services. Third, all the organizers and
users of public services should have a clear and
detailed rules governing
transparency and public
service. Fourth, the grant
award and punishment
to the government, especially local government transparency in public service. Fifth,
the combination of public service performed by the government with the
use of technology so that existing data generated by the government and the far from manipulation and
abuse. All of these solutions
will be expected to increase transparency in public
service in order to create good
governance.
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